A Black Hole Universe?

Somebody had to do it. In an innocently sounding paper, Gravitational bounce from the quantum exclusion principle that appeared in Phys. Rev. D 111, on 29 May, 2025, Enrique Gaztañaga and colleagues got rid of the Lambda Cold Dark Matter model, and seiner vermaledeiten Hilfsgrößen (its dammed auxiliary quantities), dark matter and dark energy.

The standard ΛCDM model describes the Big Bang hypothesis.

Professor Enrique Gaztañaga

Remember: Red Baron blogged about two papers that either got rid of dark matter (MOND, MOdified Newtonian Dynamics) or did away with dark energy (Timescape).

In their paper, Enrique Gaztañaga and colleagues from the University of Portsmouth ask, "What if the Big Bang wasn't the beginning? What if our Universe had emerged from something else, something more familiar and yet radically different?"

"Our calculations suggest that the Big Bang was not the beginning of everything, but rather the result of a gravitational collapse that generated a massive black hole followed by a 'bounce' inside, which means that our Universe may have emerged from the interior of a black hole formed within a larger parent universe."

Rather than the birth of the Universe being from nothing, it is the continuation of a cosmic cycle shaped by gravity, quantum mechanics, and the deep interconnections between them.

This 'Black Hole Universe' presents a radically different view of cosmic origins, grounded entirely in known physics and observations.

Quoting Professor Gaztañaga, "The Big Bang model begins with a point of infinite density where the laws of physics break down. This is a deep theoretical problem that suggests the beginning of the Universe is not fully understood."

"We've questioned that model and tackled questions from a different angle - by looking inward instead of outward. Instead of starting with an expanding Universe and asking how it began, we considered what happens when an overdensity of matter collapses under gravity."

"We've shown that gravitational collapse does not have to end in a singularity (as in the Big Bang) and found that a collapsing cloud of matter can reach a high-density state and then bounce, rebounding outward into a new expanding phase.

"Crucially, this bounce occurs entirely within the framework of general relativity, combined with the basic principles of quantum mechanics. What emerges on the other side of the bounce is a Universe remarkably like our own. Even more surprisingly, the rebound naturally produces a phase of accelerated expansion driven not by a hypothetical field but by the physics of the bounce itself."

"We now have a fully worked-out solution that shows the bounce is not only possible - it's inevitable under the right conditions. One of the strengths of this model is that it makes predictions that can be thoroughly tested. And what's more, this new model has also revealed that the Universe is slightly curved, like the surface of the Earth."

The ARRAKIHS* ESA space mission may answer questions and test predictions of the Black Hole Universe.
*Wikipedia knows: The mission is named after a planet, Arrakis, from the science fiction novel Dune. The name is a backronym of "Analysis of Resolved Remnants of Accreted galaxies as a Key Instrument for Halo Surveys.

ARRAKIHS will detect ultra-low surface brightness structures in the outskirts of galaxies, regions where the fossil record of galaxy formation and dark matter assembly is preserved. Studying these faint features will reveal how galaxies grow and evolve. They may also hold clues to the nature of dark matter and the Universe's initial conditions, particularly if they differ from those predicted by the standard ΛCDM model.

Science remains exciting.

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Quo Vadis, Leo?

... or where is the Catholic Church headed?

As my loyal readers know, I was in Rome during the conclave and immediately took Pope Leo XIV to my heart.

He  hasn't disappointed me.

He is cool.*

*The slightly blueish characters are links. Click to open.

He has a soft, beautiful voice.

He invites all people into the Church. 

He is aware of the importance of social media.

Leo walks through the Holy Door in St. Peter's Basilica.

In fact, since the new pope took office, the Vatican has been flooding YouTube with shorts and reels about Leo's public appearances, where Jesus always plays the decisive role. 

This was a long preface to yesterday's panel discussion in the framework of Freiburg Religious Debates.

The projected image in lecture hall 1199

The panel discussed at length how, not only due to his poor health, Pope Francis had allowed many things to slip in the Church. The moderator even stated that Francis had undermined several things.

Indeed, the old pope has addressed simmering conflicts such as the treatment of homosexuals, celibacy, and the role of women in the Church, but he did not resolve them. The answers to these questions are essential for a Church in the 21st century.

However, they are difficult or perhaps even impossible to answer in a global Church with different ideas about how to move forward. Thus, a synod of bishops advising the pope was frequently brought into play. Is it merely symbolic that Leo, immediately after his election, gathered the cardinals to listen to them?

Can Leo draw the broad lines for unity in diversity? Raymond Burke, the traditionalist cardinal, warned, without mentioning Leo, that the Church is in danger of losing its soul.

 
All these considerations are well and good, but Red Baron sees Leo above all as the shepherd who, as an active Augustinian in Latin America, already knew how to gather his sheep. I see him as a pastoral Leo.

He is a missionary in a Church that is rooted in a world where membership numbers are declining in the wealthy countries of the North.

The panel then voiced the impression that the shift in emphasis observed under Francis, toward greater social justice and less preservation of creation (climate change), will intensify under Leo.

Recently, there has been considerable discussion about democratic developments within the Church. Here, Red Baron had to emphasize his personal experience in the debate.

I received my basic Catholic education in a village in the diocese of Paderborn and, in the post-war period in staunchly Catholic Westphalia, experienced the Church as extremely authoritarian.

Thank God, much has changed for the better in the course of my life, but the Church is still schizophrenic.

 
Where the Church is absolutely dominant, it remains authoritarian; where it lives in the diaspora and is exposed to hostility or even persecution, the Church demands freedom of religion.

Democratization would be good for the reputation of the Church and its believers. The extent of such democratization is not crucial to me. What is essential, however, is that the universal Church speaks always with the same universal democratic voice everywhere.

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Pistorius

This blog doesn't address Germany's popular Defense Minister Boris Pistorius, but Johann Pistorius the Younger, who, after his birthplace Nidda in Hesse, called himself Niddanus throughout his life.

Red Baron listened to a lecture by Dr. Hans-Jürgen Günther: Johannes Pistorius Niddanus (1546-1608), eine bedeutende Persönlichkeit des Reformationsjahrhunderts im Breisgau (an important figure of the Reformation century in Breisgau.

Pistorius's universities

Pistorius the Younger attended the Latin school in Nidda and studied law and medicine from 1559 to 1567 in Marburg, Wittenberg, Tübingen, Padua, and Paris, before returning to Marburg, where he received his doctorates in law and medicine in 1567.

The dispute within the Reformed Church between the Philippinians, followers of Melanchthon, and the Gnesiolutherans, advocates of strict Lutheranism, as well as the spirit of optimism in the Catholic Church after the Council of Trent, led Pistorius to convert from Lutheranism to Catholicism in 1588.

Pistorius's house in Freiburg

His turbulent life story eventually led him to Freiburg im Breisgau in 1589, where he bought a house in the suburb of Neuburg.

From 1590 to 1591, he studied at Freiburg's theological faculty, earned his third doctorate, and was ordained a priest in 1592.

He then published polemical works such as Anatomia Lutheri (Cologne, 1595) against Protestantism, Luther, and contemporary Protestant controversial theologians. His writings are characterized by enormous expertise and thorough knowledge of Luther's printed works as well as archival evidence of church history during the Reformation. Pistorius was clear in his arguments and, when provoked, responded with sharpness and polemics.

A witch paralyzes a peasant.

The end of the 16th century was also the time of the witch trials.

Johann Jacob Renner

In 1603, Johann Jakob Renner, Freiburg's Obristzunftmeister (Master of military guild), urged Andreas Flader, a city councilor acting as mayor, to accuse 25 women suspected of witchcraft and have them tortured. Thirteen of them were sentenced to death, beheaded, and their bodies burned.
The last one, in August 1603, was Ursula Gatter, a laundress from Waldkirch, who had a daughter, just under 14 years old, named Agatha.

The girl admitted that she had not only been present at witch gatherings with her mother on ten occasions, but had also renounced God and his saints and had slept with the devil on two separate occasions.

How to deal with such a case? A legal scholar at the university recommended that Agatha be kept in custody until the age of 16. Still, if the suspicion of witchcraft persisted, she should be subjected to a new, benevolent or painful inquisition through torture and, after the misdeed had been determined, the beloved iustitiam should be administered and executed.

On November 17, 1603, Pistorius told the city council that he wanted to interrogate the girl again. As a doctor and lawyer, he felt compelled to prove her confession absurd.

In the court reports we read, because he (Pistorius) cannot sufficiently ascertain from the girl whether she has lost her virginity and been deflowered, it is necessary, first of all, to have such matters examined by sworn midwives and women, as is customary. Once it has been determined whether she has been deflowered or not, appropriate measures must be taken.

Three days later, meanwhile, it has been learned from Mr. Keder's report that Agathe, the captive girl, has been examined and found not to have been deflowered or injured. This should be reported to Dr. Pistorio, who, with the help of the parish priest, should consider what to do with her and where she should be taken.

In the end, the girl was pardoned, the strict law set aside, and with the advice of the learned and spiritual Dr. Johann Pistory ... sent to a woman in Constantz to be brought up and educated. ... Thus she was taken away on Monday, January 12, 1604.

Pistorius' intervention had a lasting effect: in the following seven years, there were no more witch burnings in Freiburg.

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Celebrating Twice

The stages of a man's life (Click to enlarge).
From the present exhibition, Old Age, in the graphic arts collection of the Augustiner Museum.

The text for the 90-year-old man reads:

At ninety, weak, bent, and lame, 

My rotten life is nothing but sorrow.

Sorry, my life is not rotten. Yes, the dizziness is real, but I'm not quite that bent over as the guy in the picture.

On Friday, the 13th, I invited friends from Freiburg to dinner at the Oberkirch Restaurant for a second celebration of my 90th birthday.

The first celebration already took place on June 9, with my close family also at this first address on Münsterplatz.

None of my guests suffered from Paraskevidekatriaphobia, because everyone accepted my invitation and came to the dinner party.

A general welcome (©TS)

Some guests are looking for their seats (©TS)

The long shot (©TS)

The left-hand side (©TS)

The right-hand side (©TS)

Regarding this second celebration, I asked my guests not to be disappointed about their silver medal, as I still have a bronze medal to award. I will celebrate with the French-speaking part of my family in Geneva on June 20.

 

©US

I continued my welcome speech, sticking to sports.

Watch my eyes. I look at you and not on my cheat sheet (©RSW)

There are 23 friends present today. This number brings to my mind a soccer team that must be registered for major championships. Such a cadre (Kader in German) often consists of players from two major clubs, who are then joined by individual outstanding players from other clubs, thus completing the Kader.

Am I laughing at my own jokes again? (©US)

Here, the comparison is a bit off, because tonight no clubs are present, but societies (Gesellschaften), i.e., members of the Freiburg-Madison-Gesellschaft and the Freiburger Museumsgesellschaft*.
*Founded as a reading society in 1807

And have you ever heard of players playing for two clubs? With societies, this is possible. Tonight, at least ten of my guests have dual membership, which will help to generate lively conversations between the two Gesellschaften.

In clubs, it's frustrating when key players are absent.

For a birthday party, it is just sad when guests have to cancel:

Among them are

- The director of the Carl-Schurz-Haus, Friederike Schulte, whom I greatly admire, is on a well-deserved vacation with her family

- The president of the Museumsgesellschaft, Professor Gerald Urban, and his wife, Birgül. They are on a family mission in Turkey and

- My good friend Thomas Becker is bicycling in the south of Sweden.

Above all, I miss the vice president of the Museumsgesellschaft, Professor Sabine Wienker-Piepho, who passed away in Freiburg on May 21 after a serious illness. Here is my obituary.

Since most of you knew Sabine, I would like to ask you to rise for a moment of silence in her memory.

I thank you.

The two Freiburg societies presented here enrich my life and have been an anchor, especially after the death of my wife, Elisabeth.

While the president and vice president of the Museumsgesellschaft are not with us, many other eminent members are here tonight.

The Freiburg-Madison-Gesellschaft is represented by its president, Toni Schlegel, along with his wife, Tatjana; by its vice president, Frauke Feix, and her husband, Günther; and by many well-known members.

And then we have a couple of the most valuable players completing tonight's Kader.

Please feel free to compose your dinner from the menu card. Regarding the white wine, I made an egotistical choice and ordered my favorite Gutedel (Chasselas), which pairs perfectly with white asparagus. Like many Germans from the north, I fremdle (feel alienated) with red wines. So I asked landlord Toni Schlegel, who made a good choice for you.

I wish you all bon appétit. Enjoy your meal.

While my guests were choosing their menu, Toni started to praise me.

During Toni's laudatio, Tatjana is admiringly amused,
Red Baron is slightly embarrassed, and Rotburg is sternly interested (©US).

©US

In his humorous speech, Harald went back in history (©TS)

N.B.The photos are a belated birthday surprise by Tatjana (©TS), Ulli (©US), and Renate (©RSW), who shot them to document this memorable evening. I thank you all.

 
I took the liberty of selecting a few of those photos, editing them, and adding them to this blog. If any of my guests does not want to see his/her picture on this blog, please let me know. I shall delete the photo(s) immediately.

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St. Gallen

Red Baron has often been on Leserreisen (trips for readers) with the local Badische Zeitung. The journeys to Hamburg in the far north are particularly popular with people from Baden (see 2020, 2022, and 2023). This time, it was just a day trip to St. Gallen and the Rhine Falls.

The bus ride through the pre-summer landscape was pleasant. Our first stop was St. Gallen, where we got off at the Einstein parking lot. Einstein? What did he have to do with St. Gallen?

Advertising a musical

As we approached the tourist center after a short walk, his famous protruding tongue lit up in the distance.

So my first question to the hostesses was: What does Einstein have to do with St. Gallen? No one could answer me. Finally, ChatGPT came to the rescue: There is no known special or outstanding relationship between Albert Einstein and the city of St. Gallen.

Before visiting the famous abbey library, the actual destination of our trip, our group set off on a walk through the city.

The monastery district

From the 15th century onwards, the city of St. Gallen was the center of an increasingly flourishing linen industry, which reached its peak around 1714 with an annual production of 38,000 cloths. Linen production provided work for farmers who grew hemp and flax, spinners (primarily women) who spun the fibers into threads, weavers who wove the threads into cloth, bleachers who bleached the cloth white in the sunlight, and merchants who finally sold the fabric.

Workers in the "bleaching fields." Painting of the mid-17th century

The lengths of fabric, which were up to 80 meters long, were laid out flat on open meadows to be naturally lightened by the sun, water, and air.

Thanks to rigorous quality controls, the white linen from St. Gall was the finest available and was traded throughout Europe.


Around 610, the Irish monk Gallus came to what is now Switzerland to convert the Alemanni to Christianity. His grave soon became a popular place of pilgrimage, where in 719 the Alemannic priest Otmar founded the Abbey of St. Gallen.

Since its foundation, the monastery has rapidly gained influence. In a donation around the year 720, vineyards in Ebringen, a village south of Freiburg, were bequeathed to the monastery. This deed of donation is the oldest document kept in the Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallen. It represents the first real estate acquired outside the monastery and is the oldest written evidence of viticulture between Freiburg and Basel.

During our tour of the city, I took the above photo of grapes on a stone house. When I asked our guide, he explained that in the past, only wine drinkers could afford stone houses because they were "steinreich" (stone rich).

He then continued that the well-known German saying "Wein auf Bier, das rat' ich dir, Bier auf Wein, das lass sein" (Wine after beer, that's what I advise; beer after wine, that's what I dissuade) does not mean that the two drinks must be consumed in a specific order for the total drink to be digestible.

Indeed, there is another English translation, "Wine after beer, that's my choice; beer after wine, never be a slave again," with the correct German meaning describing the social rise or fall of citizens, as identified through their choice of drink.

During St. Gallen's heyday, there were four breweries on the grounds of the monastery. Beer was the drink for the masses, as only citizens who had become wealthy through the trade in white linen could afford expensive wine.


In 1526, the then-mayor and humanist Joachim Vadian introduced the Reformation in St. Gallen.

Matthäus Merian:Topographia Helvetiae, Rhaetiae, et Valesiae. St. Gallen in 1642.
Note that the Schiedmauer surrounds the monastery grounds on the left (©Wikipedia/sidonius)

Initially, the monastery and the city coexisted peacefully, but in 1566, a wall was erected between the two, known as the Schiedmauer (dividing wall).

The quality of St. Gallen linen was good, but it was also expensive. Soon, cheaper competition emerged, including sheets made from cotton. Fewer and fewer white clothes were ordered. By 1798, the bleaching fields outside the city were empty.

St. Gallen experienced a second boom in the early 19th century, when machines began to replace hand embroidery. Many farmers from the surrounding area had such a machine installed on their farms in exchange for a down payment. They supplemented their meager income with the help of their wives and children. Around 1910, the embroidery was the largest export industry in Switzerland, accounting for 18% of the country's total exports. Over 50% of global production came from St. Gallen.

Why is St. Gallen's famous library called "Stiftsbibliothek" (endowed library) and not "Klosterbibliothek" (monastery library)?

Napoleon is to blame for this, as he is for everything else. In the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (Imperial Recess) of 1803, he ordered the secularization of all ecclesiastical institutions in his territory to satisfy the territorial claims of his allies during the reorganization of Europe.

 
So, monasteries, when they survived, somehow became endowments.

  

Entering the Stiftsbibliothek in felt slippers

Vow!

Immense treasures are on display here:

Around 980

In 1125

1200 to 1300

Around 1510

The above picture shows a neume notation, the precursor to today's musical notation.

Apple was here, still unbitten.

St. James's scallops showed the way to the Stiftskirche

St. Gallen is a station on one of the many routes to Santiago de Compostela.

       

Unpretentious Baroque

Triumphant Christ with St. George's banner or Freiburg's colors?

Erie reflections in the baptismal font

OLMA Bratwurst, Rösti, onion gravy, and St. Galler monastery beer

I had lunch in memory of my late son, who studied at the Hochschule St. Gallen and who initiated me on OLMA* Bratwurst. 

*This acronym initially stood for Ostschweizerische Land- und Milchwirtschaftliche Ausstellung and is now the annual Schweizer Messe für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung (Swiss Fair for Aagriculture and Nutrition)

The food was excellent, but since I was eating in Switzerland, I paid more than for a steak in Germany, and the onion gravy was charged extra, at CHF 5.

After lunch, our group continued to the Rhine Falls near Schaffhausen.

Spectacular

We took the boat ride.

Spectecular

Choppy river waters

Watching others from the safety of the shore

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90

Today I celebrated my 90th birthday with my family. It has become small, so I've invited former classmates and close friends as well.

I celebrated my 70th birthday with Elisabeth ...

... Nicole and Andreas ...

... and my oldest grandson, Emmanuel. He is with his Apo above the rooftops of Freiburg at the Greiffeneggschlössle in 2005.

Here is a group photo of my family taken on Münsterplatz on my 80th birthday, before we entered Oberkirch for a lavish lunch.

At the table, Andreas is in deep thought. Did he foresee?

The celebration of my 90th birthday also began with a festive meal.

I made it! (©JW)

Buttoning my jacket for the welcoming speech (©BB)

My guests are in a good spirit (©BB)

And Wulf began his eulogy (©JW)

Emmanuel and his Apo 20 years later in 2025

After lunch, I guided my guests on a tour of the Minster Church.

The most beautiful steeple in the world

The south side, i.e., the decorative side of the cathedral
with the Romanesque transept and the Gothic style raised rooster towers.

Building the window frames of the nave from right to left;
starting in "Freiburg" Gothic and changing to "Strasbourg" or French Gothic.

The challenge: How to change from Romanesque to Gothic style?
Addition of another element to the Romanesque column capital.

"Professor" Geiges's deadly sin (Read the full story here)©miJoergens/Wikipedia

Then we relaxed and sat in front of the Oberkirch on the Münsterplatz in mild 22°C weather and enjoyed Kaffee und Kuchen in the German tradition.

Lively discussions continued into the evening hours.

I was richly endowed with great affection. Thank you.

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