Tandaradei

This winter semester (2026/27), the Freiburg Saturday University embarks on a musical journey through time featuring 15 songs, ballads, and their stories.

Around 1100, Sextus Amarcius Gallus Piosistratus wrote in his Sermones about the singers of that time:

So when the minstrel appeared, and the fee had been agreed upon, and he was about to take his lute out of its leather case, people came running from every nook and cranny, watching intently and murmuring softly as the minstrel ran his fingers across the strings—which he had fashioned from moist sheep intestines—and as they produced now a bright tone, now a dark one. He often plays the resonant strings in fifths: just as the shepherd’s sling struck down the great Goliath, just as the shrewd little Swabian outwitted his wife with a similar trick, just as the astute Pythagoras discovered the eight modes of song, and just as the nightingale’s pure voice sings out joyfully. 

Last Saturday, Professor Hans-Jochen Schiewer gave a lecture on Walther von der Vogelweide’s ballad of fulfilled love, which balances concealment and revelation.

This medieval Minnesänger (minstrel), who lived from about 1170 to  1230, is one of the few poets and singers of his time who is mentioned in historical documents alongside his works, specifically in the travel accounts of Bishop Wolfger von Erla of Passau, where we read: Walthero cantori de Vogelweide pro pellicio v solidos longos (To Walther the singer of the Vogelweide, five shillings for a fur coat.)

Walther’s best-known poem, along with the above illustration from the Codex Manesse, is:

Ich saz ûf eime steine, dô dahte ich bein mit beine, dar üf satzte ich min ellenbogen. ich hete in mine hant gesmogen daz kinne und ein mîn wange. dô dâhte ich mir vil ange, wie man zer werlte solte leben.

I sat down on a rock, then I crossed my legs, and rested my elbows on them. I cupped my chin and one of my cheeks in my hand. Then I thought long and hard about how one should live in this world.

Wilhelm von Kaulbach, Under der linden, 1867, commissioned by King Ludwig II of Bavaria

Prof. Schiewer's talk and the following text are about Walther’s poem Under der Linden, in which a girl recounts an encounter with her beloved.

 

Under der linden an der heide, dâ unser zweier bette was, Dâ muget ir vinden schône beide gebrochen bluomen unde gras. Vor dem walde in einem tal, tandaradei, schône sanc diu nahtegal

Under the linden     tree on the heath,     where our bed once stood,     there you may find     both beautiful     broken flowers and grass.     Before the forest in a valley,      tandaradei,      the nightingale sang so beautifully.

Ich kam gegangen zuo der ouwe: dô was mîn friedel komen ê. Dâ wart ich empfangen, hêre frouwe, daz ich bin saelic iemer mê. Kuster mich? wol tûsentstunt: tandaradei, seht wie rôt mir ist der munt.

I came walking     to the meadow:     there my beloved had come.     There I was welcomed,     as a noble lady,     so that I am ever more blissful.     Did he kiss me? A thousand times:     tandaradei,     see how red my lips are.

      

Dô het er gemachet alsô rîche von bluomen eine bettestat. Des wirt noch gelachet inneclîche, kumt iemen an daz selbe pfat. Bî den rôsen er wol mac, tandaradei, merken wâ mirz houbet lac.

There he had made     such a rich     bed of flowers.     People still laugh     secretly     if anyone comes to that same path.     By the roses he surely wants     tandaradei,     to notice how much I’m smiling

     

Daz er bî mir laege, wessez iemen (nu enwelle got!), sô schamt ich mich. Wes er mit mir pflaege, niemer niemen bevinde daz, wan er und ich. Und ein kleinez vogellîn: tandaradei, daz mac wol getriuwe sîn.

That he lies with me - if anyone were to know (God forbid!), I’d be so ashamed. What he did with me, no one, not a soul, knows of it but he and I. And a little birdie: tandaradei, that must surely be true.

The linden tree and the nightingale recur in the song. 

One day we want to dance beneath the green linden trees and watch them grow;
and when we do, we’ll find two kinds of linden trees - one tame and one wild -
but the tame one is the most beautiful and the largest, with leaves, flowers, and fruit.

The German soul is torn as to whether the gnarled oak or the gentle linden tree is the Germans' tree. In some places, both trees are venerated.

And then there is the linden tree on the Reeperbahn:

In Hamburg, where the nights are long,
so many lovely hours long ...
you stop beneath a linden tree,
your kisses mingle with the breeze.

Red Baron remembers a recording by some American Sisters but could no longer find it on the Internet. Instead, listen to a recording with iconic Lili Marleen singer Lale Andersen and enjoy her strong German accent.

Literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki wrote in the Frankfurter Anthologie about Walther von der Vogelweide's Under der linden:

 
It is a perfect poetic creation: Not a single word is missing here, and not a single one can be dispensed with. And just as the girl telling the story seems not only simple and natural, but also a little coquettish, so the poem combines perfect naivety [...] with the utmost artistic sophistication. Walther’s artistry is free from the taint of artificiality. Both the poet and his beloved are distinguished by what has endured through the centuries [...] and what eludes any scholarly definition: charm and grace. Not until a much later era did Germany again have a poet who wrote verses of comparable beauty: Goethe.

The original melody for “Under der Linden” has not been preserved. All modern musical settings use traditional medieval melodic patterns with characteristic fifth chords to sing the text. Keep in mind that in those days, male minnesingers interpreted the girl’s experiences. This is also the case in this modern musical setting.

**

Nie wieder

Given Germany's historical responsibility for the Holocaust, support for the State of Israel is a matter of German national interest. 

With regard to the treatment of Palestinians, legitimate criticism of Israel is increasingly leading to anti-Semitism across the political spectrum - on both the left and the right - fueled by Muslims living in Germany. Anti-Semitic resentment lurks behind the supposed advocacy for Palestinian rights. Nearly one half of Germans agree with the statement that Israelis are doing to the Palestinians what the Nazis did to the Jews.

Provocation:
On November 8, 2026, a Palestinian flag in front of the Reichstag building in Berlin (©NZZ)

Anti-Semitic slogans at demonstrations and aggressive activism on college campuses are increasingly resulting in attacks on Jewish life.

In the view of Jewish communities, the police patrols previously stationed outside synagogues are no longer sufficient.

©Caritas

Thus, after much hesitation, the city of Freiburg has granted the repeatedly requested protective fence around the "new" synagogue. Mayor Martin Horn stated: "It is alarming that such a measure is necessary. At the same time, it is our duty to do everything we can to protect Jewish life in Freiburg as best as possible. After careful consideration and in close consultation with the Jewish community, we have decided to take this step. The protection of the community and harmonious coexistence in our city are at the heart of this decision."

As early as 1991, the German-Israeli political scientist David Ranan remarked: "To this day, Jews are regarded as a barometer for the state of democracy in Germany, and normal Jewish life is not possible as long as there is a need for an anti-Semitism commissioner. If such a position is absolutely necessary, then one should at least have created the position of an anti-racism commissioner ... The point should be not to single out Jews but to condemn dehumanization, no matter who it affects."

Looking back at its past, Germany has a particularly hard time dealing with the "new" anti-Semitism.

In pouring rain

Against this backdrop, the 88th commemoration of the synagogue fire took place yesterday at the Old Synagogue Square.

Addressing the drenched crowd and soaked Red Baron in the Old Synagogue Square ...

... Freiburg's Mayor Martin Horn found the right words

The outdoor commemoration was followed by a

in the Winterer Forum at the Municipal Theater.

Soprano Inga Schäfer sang the Kaddish* in Hebrew by Maurice Ravel.

*May His great name be magnified and sanctified in the world which He has created according to His will

This was followed by a reading about Max Mayer's fate in Freiburg:

Max Mayer ran a historic Jewish-owned leather goods and shoemaker supply business, Lederhandlung Leser & Mayer, at Schusterstraße 23.

©Julika Häusling

Under pressure from Nazi persecution and anti-Semitic laws, Max Mayer sold the business in 1935 to his employee Eugen Rees, who continued it under the name Leder-Rees, which still operates at the same location today.

Max was forced to emigrate because of the Nazi regime. His daughter, Lotte (married name Paepcke), wrote about growing up in the house on Schusterstraße and how the Nazi era affected her family.

Lotte recalls that even before the Nazis began systematically persecuting Jews, her father often emphasized: "You have to behave yourself so you don't stand out."

"Then the doorbell rang in the middle of the night." 

On November 9, 1938, Lotte's father was taken away without further explanation, detained at the Kornhaus ...

... and subsequently transported by train to the Dachau concentration camp.

After several weeks, he returned home, scarred by abuse and humiliation.

After two grueling years of waiting in Switzerland, Max and Olga Mayer received permission to immigrate to the United States. There, relatives helped them find a modest apartment in Manhattan.

Both of Lotte's parents worked - her mother as a seamstress at home, and her father as a messenger and later as a music copyist.

After her mother's death, Lotte brought her father back to Germany. Despite the city's destruction, he found familiar surroundings and watched Freiburg's reconstruction with interest. 

Lotte describes him, who was small in stature, as a "little American," for he could no longer feel like a German, even though he was "happy to have the language back."

He was carried out "to the small Jewish cemetery, and in the Kaddish the Eternal One was praised, 'as is customary.'"

Never again.

**

Excellence Regained

In 2012, Red Baron wrote a blog post titled Excellence Lost, vandalizing the title of Milton's well-known poem and referring to Freiburg University's loss of its status of excellence that year.

In his first poem, Milton addresses the fall of Adam and Eve. The poet's second, shorter poem frames the recovery of what Adam lost.

Accordingly, Red Baron frames how the University of Freiburg regained its status as a University of Excellence on October 2:

Already in 2019, the Alberto-Ludoviciana tried to regain its status of excellence but failed.

The bid succeeded this year because of a convincing combination of outstanding research, a coherent long-term strategy, and the university's ability to show how its research could benefit society.

Freiburg met the fundamental requirement of two research clusters:

1. CIBSS - Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies

2. Future Forests - Adapting Complex Social-Ecological Forest Systems to Global Change

In 2025, Red Baron attended a presentation on how forests can adapt to climate change while preserving their ecosystems and the services they provide. Urban environments in particular benefit from trees that resist the effects of climate change.

The second decisive element was the new vision University Rector Kerstin Krieglstein presented:

"The Future Research University: Sparking Change That Matters."

Under its long-term development program, the University of Freiburg will:

- foster interdisciplinary research: bringing different scientific disciplines together rather than
  allowing them to work in isolation.

- prepare students with excellent teaching to think critically and help shape the future.

- transfer knowledge by translating scientific discoveries into practical benefits
  for society, industry and politics.

Freiburg submitted its application in November 2025, and an international panel of experts visited the university in June 2026. The evaluators examined both the quality of its research and the coherence of its overall development strategy. 

The long-awaited message of relief came on October 2:

The audience explodes, Lord Mayor Martin Horn (in the middle) applauds Rector Krieglstein
while former Rector Hans-Jochen Schiewer (holding the banner) still looks on in disbelief
©Maximo-Hans Musielik/BZ

Out of eleven applications from individual universities and university consortia, only five were selected for new and additional funding of €10–15 million per year.

Kerstin swirls her champagne glass (©Maximo-Hans Musielik/BZ)

The international panel of experts did not simply rank individual research results; Freiburg's application rather showed how scientific excellence, interdisciplinary collaboration, and practical impact reinforce one another.

**

Gent

After our morning visit to Brugge, we boarded the bus full of anticipation because, as stated in the itinerary:

In the afternoon, we'll continue to Ghent, once one of Europe's most important cloth-making cities and, in the Middle Ages, one of the continent's richest and largest metropolises. The city impresses with its well-preserved historic center, lively squares, and magnificent buildings that reflect its rich cultural heritage. Both cities [Bruges and Ghent] offer a wealth of picturesque nooks and crannies that your tour guide will show you today. Enjoy the special atmosphere that fascinatingly blends history and modernity.

So much for that. A married couple simply couldn't find their way back to the bus, so the rest of the tour group was held hostage for 90 minutes until our driver, after consulting with the supreme Tour Guide in faraway Germany, got the green light to continue. The couple reportedly complained that the bus hadn't waited any longer and that they had to take the train from Brugge to Antwerpen.

Be that as it may. Time was irretrievably lost, the visit to Gent was compromised, and it turned into a quick city tour.

The Flemish name Gent derives from the Celtic word ganda (French Gand), meaning confluence. In Gent, the Leie and the Scheldt rivers converge.

Gent, with its guttural Flemish sound, has nothing to do with English gent, so Anglophones write the city as Ghent. With a population of 270.000 it is Belgium's second-largest city after Antwerpen and is the capital of the province of East Flanders.

Most impressive is the Belfried (Belfry), Gent's 95 m bell tower. It was erected around 1370 as a symbol of civic power, including in opposition to that of the Church. It served as a watchtower to spot town fires and approaching enemies and was a place to proclaim public announcements. A bell rang the time, signaled the opening and closing of the town gates, and marked the start and end of working hours.

The steeple of Saint Bavo's Cathedral is 6 meters shorter than the Belfried.

There are more towers in Gent. The late-medieval noble residence Rijhove, built in Flemish Gothic and Renaissance styles, features a round white limestone tower. Today, the complex houses the Miry Concertzaal.

In Gent too, the eagle, this time on an obelisk and sphere, caught Red Baron's attention. This time my intuition was true. It is l'Aigle Imperial. When Napoleon integrated Flanders into the French Empire, he made Gand the capital of the Département d'Escaut (Scheldt).

Mule Jenny met Lieven Bauwens in het Museum voor Industriële Archeologie en Textiel (©Lalieka/Wikipedia)

During the Napoleonic Blockade (1806-1814), which cut England's trade with the Continent, Gent's textile production boomed, especially after Lieven Bauwens smuggled a spinning jenny into Flanders and became the city's leading capitalist, tied to the Napoleonic regime's favor toward industry.

From 1811 to 1814, in the last years of the French period, Bauwens served as mayor of Gent. After British competition returned, he became bankrupt.

Approaching Saint Bavo.

The Cathedral's interior.

The Stadshal from 2012. Its roof rests on a few massive concrete cores and resembles a giant, sloping gable prism. Beneath lies a covered, open space that serves as a plaza for markets, concerts, festivals, etc. Initially, the hall was controversial because the modern building stands right next to the medieval Belfried. 

On our way to the banks of the Leie River, we passed the Oud Postgebouw, the former post office building, which bears witness to Gent's former great wealth. The clock tower is part of the building.

The Leie suffers from climate change and overfertilization. The "warm" water promotes excessive duckweed growth.

Once wealthy trading houses on Leie Quay have been transformed into expensive gourmet temples.

Our group rushed back to the bus through Werregarenstraat, better known as Graffitistraat. The narrow, completely spray-painted alley is designated as a legal space, so graffiti artists are free to use it at any time. As a result, the artwork is constantly changing. The street is both a tourist attraction and a gathering place for the local scene.

It's not finished yet. Stay tuned for the Maastricht picture gallery.

**

Bruges

Cover Design for "Bruges-la-Morte" (©Wikipedia/collection Van Maele)

The third morning of our trip was devoted to Brugge, or, as the Belgian author Georges Rodenbach described the city in his short symbolist novel of 1892, Bruges-la-Morte (The Dead Bruges).

  

Rather Bruges-la-Reflètende.

Our bus parked at Kanaaleland in the south. 

We walked over the red bridge, crossed the Minnewaterbrug, and strolled along Minnewater to the Begijnhof.

View of the Beguine courtyard from 1886, with its Begijnhofkerk. In the background is the steeple of the Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk.

Sisters crossing the inner square of their convent on their way to the Begijnhofkerk for a church service in 1974.

"A Beguine is a courageous, revolutionary woman."

Since 1240, the Beguines had been a thorn in the Church's side. In 1312, Pope Clement V banned this early emancipatory movement of widowed or unmarried women, and there were many.  

Between 1240 and 1565, 298 Beguine courts flourished in Flanders, including eight in Bruges alone.

A glimpse into a Beguine's little garden.

Born on June 4, 1822, lace maker Sofie Linseele keeps the Bruges tradition of handmade lace alive at the Beguinenhof at the age of 78.

You note horse-drawn carriages in the distance.

We continued, joined Katelijnestraat via Wijngaardstraat, and headed north to Bruges' Grote Markt.

Mariastraat jetty. The brick architecture of the buildings
is referred to as Vlaamse primitieven (Flemish Primitives).

Not just horse-drawn carriages, but also little boats invite visitors to take a sightseeing tour along Bruges' grachten (canals).

We passed Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk and stopped in front of the Gruuthusemuseum. It is housed in Lodewijk van Gruuthuse's palace. Lodewijk was not only rich but also a trusted councilor to Charles the Bold, the Duke of Burgundy.

After the duke's death on the battlefield at the gates of Nancy, he also cared for Charles' daughter, Mary of Burgundy. Grateful for his support in the difficult times after her father's death, she appointed him chamberlain to her young son Philip.

Red Baron thought the horseman above the entrance honors Mary's husband,  Maximilian I, who took any effort to look after his gedechtnus (memory), but it is Lodewijk. The inscription reads Plus est en vous (There is more in you than you realize).

Bruges, too, would not be complete without the patron saint of bridges, St. Nepomuk.

The buildings lining the small passage to the Grote Markt date from 1614 and 1608; that is, they were built during the Tachtigjarige Oorlog (Eighty Years' War) between the Netherlands and Spain, which began in 1568 and ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic.

We skipped the Grote Markt and went back to Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk to admire Michelangelo's De Heilig Maagd en het Kind,

When we entered the church, Barend van Orley's 1534 Triptych of the Passion over the high altar caught our attention.

Nearby are the sarcophagi of Charles the Bold and his daughter Mary, who died in a riding accident at the age of 24.

Then we entered the cappella sacra created in the 18th-century Baroque style. 

It enshrines the most celebrated art treasure of the Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk: a white marble sculpture of the Madonna and Child created by Michelangelo around 1504.

It was time for a rest. Sitting outside, over a quick lunch, we observed the horse-drawn carriages fly by.

 

**

Angst

Angst is no longer just a German phenomenon: A specter is haunting the world – the specter of angst*.
*A play on words based on the opening sentence of the Communist Manifesto

People are suffering from Weltstress (global stress) and feel they are losing control of their lives. They are at the mercy of climate change; as a consequence of senseless wars, they suffer from high prices caused by resource shortages; they hear AI predicting their imminent demise; and they feel lonely despite an oversupply of friend requests on social media.

Many people are overwhelmed by the fast-paced present and lament, “Everything used to be better in the past.”

They see decline on all fronts. Germans no longer trust the established parties to get their country‘s problems under control. Anger mingles with citizens’ angst for their future: “Those who govern us are incompetent; they can’t get things under control.”

Former East Germany is AfD land,
while in the West the Christian Democrats are still (?) dominant (©Deutsche Telekom).

People are looking for ways out of this threatening trend and seeking alternatives. Hoping to restore a predictable outlook to their lives, they vote for politicians or parties that cater to this longing.

Indeed, these parties offer simple solutions with slogans like socialization, expropriation, Tax the Rich, remigration, Dexit*, back to our national roots, and the DM. These catchwords will surely make life cheaper and foreign influence more bearable.
*coined after Brexit

Who will bear the costs? Tariffs*, the rich, and big tech.
*or another country: Mexico will pay for the wall

©Deutsche Telekom

Meanwhile, in Germany, a shrinking centrist bloc is fighting to keep its government afloat amid dwindling revenues. Social benefits, personnel costs, and subsidies rise; public spending on these items will climb to 52.0% of gross domestic product this year, and the trend is upward. Germany is not yet the European champion, with Finland (58.9%) taking the gold medal and France (57.4%) the silver.

Because the ruling parties are suffering one election defeat and one poll shock after another, they shower people with favors, even though there is nothing left to give. An economic expert called the second German fuel rebate - costing 2.5 billion euros - an “expression of political desperation.”

On Monday, Chancellor Friedrich Merz announced a lowering of the electricity tax to the European minimum for everyone, making German energy-hungry industry internationally competitive and easing the financial burden on private households. According to Merz, the government will use financial leeway in the budget to achieve this, but in reality these subsidies are paid for by increasing our national debt.

For decades, citizens should have realized that the state pension is no longer sufficient to maintain their standard of living when retired. Nevertheless, few did make provisions for the future. Only 48 percent of West Germans have a private supplemental retirement plan; in the East, the figure is a mere 27 percent.

When Merz plainly said in April that the statutory pension would serve only as a basic safety net in the future, there was an outcry. Citizens expect the state to rescue them.

Germany still enjoys a high standard of living. We remain the world’s third-largest economy. But the German economic model has limited long-term sustainability. The welfare state is severely overstretched, non-wage labor costs are high, and bureaucracy is enormous. If we do not address these problems, Germany’s economic performance will decline.

©NTV

89% of our citizens recognize the need for reforms, which will inevitably lead to sacrifices, but only 32% are willing to make them.

Germany is incapable of reform, and people’s angst will grow.
**

Ice-Cold Neutrinos

This blog reveals a connection between the Freiburg-Madison-Gesellschaft and CERN, and its personal too.

©THE CAP TIMES

Francis Halzen, a Belgian-born physics professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and, from 1969 to 1971, a colleague at CERN*, won this year’s Nobel Prize for his neutrino research. He learned about it while sitting in a hotel room in Italy: “I got the call at around 11 o’clock. … If I had been in Madison, they would have woken me up. I slept very well last night.”

*I joined CERN in 1968 and never met him

While writing a research proposal for a committee meeting with his peers, the newborn primus inter pares said, “I hope I don’t disturb the peace there too much.”

He told Madison’s THE CAP TIMES: “This project was challenging enough that it ending up with the Nobel Prize was so unlikely that until we started to finally achieve some results recently in the last 10 years, I certainly … never thought about this, and this certainly was not a motivation.”

“I was lucky enough that the right people showed up at the right time with the right talents to overcome the challenges the project faced. Some were overcome with pure luck, but that's science,” Halzen chuckled. “It's a combination of perseverance and talent and luck.”

Neutrino research was a field in high-energy physics where CERN led when Red Baron worked there.

And CERN continued its neutrino research beyond my retirement. In 2011, experimental results caused an outcry in physics when physicists measured neutrinos produced at CERN in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso buried deep below the mountains that were “speedier” than the speed of light.

Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (©Alastair Philip Wiper)

The OPERA* experiment, designed to study the transformation (oscillation) of muon neutrinos into tau neutrinos during their 730 km journey from CERN to the Gran Sasso detector, observed a light-travel time of 2.4381723 ms while the expected time was 2.4382323 ms. This meant neutrinos traveling faster than the speed of light arrived 60 ns too early.

*Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus

Did we have to rewrite Einstein’s Theory of Relativity? I can reassure you, no.

In May 2012, OPERA repeated its measurement with a new, short-pulse neutrino beam. The final conclusion was that the CERN-to-Gran Sasso neutrino flight time matched the speed of light. The physicists concluded that a faulty fiber-optic timing element caused the original OPERA result.

The team compensated for the experimental blunder. In 2018, OPERA produced the long-desired result, observing 10 tau-neutrino candidates. The researchers confirmed that muon neutrinos produced at CERN can transform into tau neutrinos while traveling 730 km.

Back from “speedy” to ice-cold neutrinos.

To put it right away, the neutrinos aren't cold; Francis Halzen’s detector is. Instead of building an enormous artificial detector, he turned Antarctic ice into a gigantic neutrino telescope with thousands of photomultipliers watching for the tiny flashes of blue Cherenkov light produced when a neutrino interacts. Francis proposed the basic idea of an IceCube Neutrino Observatory in the late 1980s, and the detector now covers about one cubic kilometer of ice with more than 5,000 light sensors.

The important results are:

IceCube established that extremely high-energy astrophysical neutrino fluxes in the 100 TeV* to PeV range are coming from outside our Solar System.
*CERN’s LHC has a maximum collision energy of 13.6 TeV

Its findings opened a new form of neutrino astronomy. Light is absorbed or deflected, and magnetic fields bend charged cosmic rays. Neutrinos interact extremely weakly and travel directly from their birthplaces to Earth.

As a result, IceCube has identified individual cosmic sources. A particularly important source is NGC 1068 (Messier 77), an active galaxy about 47 million light-years away. Over the past decade, IceCube has detected about 80 (!) high-energy neutrino events.

With IceCube's results, scientists can now locate neutrino sources, i.e., cosmic-ray accelerators. Extremely high-energy neutrinos point back to these active galaxies containing supermassive black holes.

In short, Francis Halzen created a new astronomical instrument that began identifying the cosmic engines producing the most energetic particles known.

While neutrino oscillation experiments essentially asked: “What are neutrinos telling us about particle physics and stars?” Francis’s IceCube tells us something fundamentally new about the universe: “What can neutrinos tell us about the most violent objects in the universe?”

As Red Baron wrote before: Astrophysics is the new spearhead of physics.

**