Wednesday, September 26, 2012

Euros and Non-Cents

Freiburg has an efficient streetcar system that operates until late at night. After 1 a.m. hourly buses bearing names of planets starting from Bertoldsbrunnen take over carrying night owls home into the suburbs.

Stopping point Bertoldsbrunnen. During the night instead of streetcars 3 and 5
the Merkur and Pluto busses are operating (Photo BZ)
The following story somewhat late for the Sommerloch (silly season) is presently exciting the Freiburgers. The other night a girl of seventeen partying downtown was late for the last streetcar. When she mounted the 1.11 a.m. Merkur bus she handed the driver a two euro piece, three ten cents, and ten two cent coins to make up for the total fare of 2.50 euros. The driver simply refused to take the money saying: His service regulations only allow him to take five copper coins for one ticket. He started the engine, shut the door, and left the girl behind who called home for transport. Her father was not amused and in making the story public set off an avalanche.

Euro copper coins are only copper-plated iron coins.
This likely is a German invention when in the 1960ies the value of the copper
of the pfennigs became higher than the value of the coin. So all copper coins
were little by little replaced with coins made out of a copper-iron sandwich (Photo BZ).
Since then there has not been one day with more details in the Badische Zeitung (BZ). The spokesman of the local transport company (VAG) read from the conditions of carriage: The personnel is not obliged to change bills of more than 10 euros or to accept one and two-cent coins adding up to more than 10 cents. I admire how in my country even the slightest details are regulated.

Today a law professor said: In principle, a handful of euro coins is legal tender in Germany like euro bills although article 11 of the minting law stipulates that nobody is obliged to take more than 50 coins in one financial transaction. However, the VAG has a conveyance obligation and thus cannot choose its clients. Therefore the VAG is not allowed to apply stricter rules in their conditions of carriage than in the minting law. Hence, the girl was refused transport contrary to the law.

Une querelle d’Allemand is on again. With interest, I am already looking forward to the letters to the editor in my favorite newspaper.
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Sunday, September 16, 2012

Altersarmut

Ein Gespenst geht um in Deutschland, das Gespenst der Altersarmut (A specter haunts Germany, the specter of old-age poverty). Marx may not pardon me, but I could not find a better introduction to another chapter of German angst: Altersarmut. Admire the efficiency of the German language expressing all that misery just in one word, which in English is translated possibly best into poverty among the elderly. I am sure Altersarmut will be elected Germany's Unwort 2012, the ugliest word of the year.

Germany's age pyramid in 1911
It is obvious and has been known for a long time that fewer young earners have to support more old-age pensioners in the future. Just look at Germany's age pyramid. What 1911 looked like the top of a fur tree now resembles a mushroom.

Germany's age pyramid in 2011
Bismarck pushed for a social security system in Germany in the late 1880ies, not because he pitied the misery of the working class, but because he tried to cut the ground from under the socialists' feet. Germany's old-age pension is based on the so-called generation treaty, i.e., the young are paying into the system financing the pensions for the retired. This works fine if the age structure shows a natural evolution, but who envisaged that people now live longer than in the past (increasing the cost for Medicare, by the way) and that young couples have fewer children than our grandparents. 

I still remember discussions in Germany during my adolescent years about how to finance future social security benefits because the people lost during the last war did not contribute to the system. When looking at today's age pyramid, you will still notice a dent for the period in question, but that is nothing compared with the distorted present-day age structure.

To better balance the social security system, our government introduced two palliative measures a few years ago: lowering the level of pensions from 50% of the average income to 43% until the year 2030 and increasing the age of retirement from 65 to 67 years during the same period. Like everybody else, my organization forced me to retire at age 65. 

I still remember my American friends shaking their heads when learning that. One of them even said that he could not afford retirement, for his institute had invested their pension fund in stocks that had lost money, so his pension had.

In Germany, people were urged to put part of their earned money into private old-age insurance in the past years. Like Switzerland, our system is based on three pillars (as they call it) legally bound, occupational, and private insurance. However, with the presently low-interest rates, people see their financial efforts to ensure decent pensions melting down with low-interest rates and inflation. On the other hand, many people had low earnings at times or were even unemployed during their working life. They will face mini pensions or even Altersarmut.

A few weeks ago, our Christian Democrat federal minister for social affairs forwarded an old idea to break the rule that pensions mirror your financial contributions in Germany. She proposed toping up all mini allowances so people can survive on their pensions based on the social security system. It is true that presently, the system has a surplus, but what will happen (and what happened in the past) if the social security fund gets into the red? Taxpayers' money will then fill the deficit, meaning that the working young people will again support the old. 

The head of the opposition Social Democratic Party said, "Let us not take the hidden detour proposed by the minister but use taxpayer's money right away to guarantee everybody a pension on which he/she can survive." Since the differences between the government and the opposition were only marginal, an agreement could have been found, but the trade unions did not agree. They requested to increase the level of pensions to the original 50% of the average income in combination with the retirement age lowered again to 65. Returning to square minus one (!), they did not specify how to finance their proposal.

You can turn it around as long as you wish: the battle of generations for the share of wealth will become more challenging. Our grandchildren will have to work longer to meet both ends, some until they kick the bucket. Already now, more people following their retirement continue to work or take up new occupations in Germany than our government is willing to admit. Why don't they just tell us the truth? Again, it is the usual Volksverdummung (brainwashing) of the voters.
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Sunday, September 9, 2012

Basler Hof

The Basler Hof today viewed from Kaiser-Joseph-Straße.
Last week, the second guided tour organized by the Badische Zeitung concerned the Basler Hof. More than 140 people wanted to listen to the explanations of a former resident, Dr. Sven von Ungern-Sternberg, who had been the district president of southern Baden from 1998 to 2007.

Dr. Sven von Ungern-Sternberg welcomed the crowd (Photo BZ).
The Basler Hof is one of Freiburg's historical landmarks. From 1480 on, Kaiser Maximilian's chancellor Konrad Stürtzel bought seven plots of land at the Große Gaß (today's Kaiser-Joseph-Straße) and had his city residence built there in the years 1494 to 1496. These plots had the original size of 100 times 50 feet as defined by the Dukes of Zähringen and were issued to the first settlers in Freiburg against a yearly rent of 12 Pfennig due at St. Martin's (November 11). Stürzel could afford to build the palace, for he was a rich man lending money to the Habsburgs like the Fuggers in Augsburg.

Emperor Maximilian, always in quest of money, is watching the visitors.
At the end of the 16th century, the building became the home of the chapter of the Basel Cathedral. Already in 1529, the capitulars had fled the Reformation in Basel into Catholic Freiburg, but they only acquired the Basler Hof in 1587. When Louis XVI's troops occupied Freiburg in 1677 and made it a French city, they deprived the chapter of its financial resources, so the capitulars moved to Switzerland (Arlesheim). The Austrian administration used the building after Freiburg's restitution to the Habsburgs in 1697.

German double eagle with Austrian Bindenschild red-white-red
and Order of the Golden Fleece.
Stucco at the ceiling of the district president's office.
Later, when Habsburg's most western territories became the province of Further Austria (Vorderösterreich), the Vienna governors resided in the Basler Hof until 1806, when Napoleon gave the Breisgau to the Grand Duke of Baden.

Dr. Sven von Ungern-Sternberg tells the building's history (Photo BZ).
Since then, the Basler Hof has always been used by administration and services mirroring the trials and tribulations of German history:

1806 - 1918: Grand Duchy of Baden (Court House, Post Office)
March 20, 1849: Grand jury trying Gustav Struve and Karl Blind for their participation in the uprising against  the government of the Grand Duchy in September 1848
June/July 1849: During the Baden Revolution, the seat of the revolutionary Government of Baden
1919 - 1933: Weimar Republic (Tax Administration, Police Station)
1933 - 1944: Third Reich officials
From 1933 to 1941, the Gestapo had their headquarters in the Basler Hof
November 27, 1944: Air raid Operation Tigerfish destroying the building

Kaiser-Joseph-Straße and Basler Hof in 1946.
1948 - 1950: Reconstruction of the building
1950 - 1952: Departement of Interior of the State of South Baden (More details)
1953 to today: Seat of the district president (Regierungspräsident) for southern Baden of the State of Baden-Württemberg
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Saturday, September 8, 2012

Freiburg's Central Art Depot

It is a Freiburg tradition that the BZ and Germany's two big parties, the CDU and the SPD, organize tours of exciting places and institutions free of charge for citizens during the summer holidays*. I had visited many a site in previous years, but this week I participated in three guided tours, of which our local newspaper, the Badische Zeitung, had organized two.
*School vacations started relatively late this year in Baden-Württemberg and will come to an end next week 

In my first blog, I would like to report on Freiburg's new Central Art Depot, built and finished in an industrial zone outside the city at the beginning of this year for a little less than 7 million euros.

I still remember the museums with waxed floors, poor lighting, and packed full glass cabinets in those olden days. In addition, these places had the same moldy smell. For modern museums, less is more, and they dare the gap by concentrating on their highlights with few additional items. But where did and does the rest go?

The ultimate highlight: Nofretete (Nefertiti) in the Neues Museum Berlin.
I took the photo in 2009.
Well, the storage of objets d'art needs space. In the past, Freiburg's museums had located their stuff in various places, even in Frankfurt, and in most cases, not in acceptable conditions. During the visit to the new central storage place, I learned that it is not the temperature that counts but the humidity. Temperatures may vary between 10 and 25 degrees centigrade, but the relative humidity has to be kept constant at about 50% to preserve the stored items.

For more than 30 years, a dehumidifier has been working in my three different basements to keep the relative humidity between 50 and 60 %. Not that I store objets d'art, but to keep paper readable, the relative humidity must be at most 60% where it is stored.

58% relative humidity in my basement
Based on the principle of an inversed fridge, my dehumidifier is still the same old machine and working as on the day of its delivery except for the indicator light, a neon bulb. There were no light diodes at the end of the 1970ties.

The working horse in my basement. Note: the water collector below is filled to one-third.
Freiburg's Central Art Depot is a two-story building with a surface of 5500 square meters for storage. The relative humidity inside is held at 50% for minimum energy consumption. Thick walls and insulation materials keep the temperature variations minor while only a small amount of filtered and conditioned air is added to renew what is necessary.

Storage of ethnographic items.
Standing behind Tilmann von Stockhausen, I am listening to his explanations (©BZ).
Three groups of 25 persons each were led through the building separately, and I was lucky with my guide. It was the director of Freiburg's museums Tilmann von Stockhausen. He said that up to now, more than 100 lories had collected and delivered the items to be stored, but most were still in their boxes.

Our group is advancing in one of those big galleries
that house all the necessary tubing (©BZ).
It is more important for the people responsible to unite all items until the end of the year than to put them in order. Still, they started unpacking, and Dr. von Stockhausen proudly presented the first oil paintings in the correct order on their shifting rollers.

Tillmann von Stockhausen shows some of his treasures (©BZ).
With such well-organized storage, it will become easier to change items for exposition in Freiburg's museums in addition to those objets d'art permanently exposed.
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