Jeszcze Polska nie zginęa

starts Poland's national anthem: Poland Is Not Yet Lost. By no means. The country, with 33 million striving inhabitants and its unpronounceable language, is now a key member of the European Union.

Polish Eagle during the Warsaw Uprising

From May 18 to May 23, 2013, the Society for Political Education, in collaboration with the Badische Zeitung, organized a trip to Poland, visiting Warsaw, Krakow, and Auschwitz. Our group's discussions with staff from the German embassy and Polish and German press people profoundly changed my picture of Poland.

Poland joined the European Union in 2004, and since then, I have been irritated by the erratic actions of the Polish Government. One typical situation was the protest against the Russian-German project of a gas pipeline across the Baltic Sea. The real reason for the protest was neither the fact that Polish territory was avoided (because of mistrust?) nor the builders' impoliteness in not informing Poland beforehand about their plans, but rather the close ties between Russia and Germany. 

Whenever these two countries worked together in the past, it meant trouble for the Polish people. Twice in history, Russia and Germany annexed Polish territory so Poland no longer appeared on European maps.

If Germany suffered in the Thirty Years' War and under Napoleon's domination, the Polish people underwent many more alternating hot and cold water baths in their history. Whenever Germany was in its deepest humiliation, as German poets termed it, they still saw in our everyday language a sign of hope. For the Polish people throughout the centuries, cohesion was even more vital, though the binding force was not only language but also a strong, patriotic Catholic Church.

In 1386, Poland became a great power through a marriage between the Polish and Lithuanian dynasties, whose joint territories represented the largest landmass in Europe. The Empire's decline began with wars with Sweden over supremacy in the Baltic. Eventually, Poland became so weak that Austria, Prussia, and Russia swallowed the state in three partitions. 

Marie Walewska*, invoking the suffering of the Polish people and granting favors to Napoleon, hoped to influence the emperor to support Poland in its struggle to regain independence from Prussia, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Russian Empire. Eventually, he created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, but it was short-lived. As a consequence of Napoleon's defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814 had Poland disappear again, for the newly formed "Kongress-Polen" was no more than a satellite of the Russian Empire.
*Although presented as a romance in many movies, Maria, in her memoirs, maintained that she forced herself to get involved with Napoleon for purely patriotic reasons: The sacrifice was complete. It was all about harvesting fruit now, achieving this single aim, which could excuse my debased position. This thought possessed me. 

Daily life in Warsaw in the 1930s
Diorama at the Exhibition commemorating the Warsaw Uprising of 1944

Poland was re-created as a republic following the First World War. The new state advocated an aggressive foreign policy, even waging war with socialist Russia. This by no means should be regarded as an excuse for Hitler's brutal invasion of Poland in 1939, fully backed by Stalin. Following Germany's Blitzkrieg, both neighboring powers partitioned Poland for the fourth time.

Poland's Fourth Partition

When Germany lost the war, Stalin kept the eastern parts of Poland that he and Hitler had agreed upon, driving out the Polish population. These people were moved westward to territories in eastern Germany, from which they were later expelled. As a result, Poland was shifted 200 kilometers west.

I knew all this before but slowly began appreciating the Polish trauma by re-digesting Poland's history on site. Poland and Germany are working to improve their relationship and bring it to the same level as the relationship between France and Germany. This is a difficult task since Western Europeans have many prejudices regarding the Polish people. 

Poles are lazy and steal cars, but are potent plumbers, as the French ironically earmark them. Our President rightly said that Polen sind fleißiger als Deutsche (Polish people are more hardworking than Germans), i.e., they work 1419 hours a year compared to 1939.

Commemorating Willy Brandt's Genuflection
in front of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Monument.
One Polish official remarked: He knelt in front of the wrong monument.

Very few people in the West are inclined to learn the difficult Polish language, whereas the Poles nowadays opt for English rather than German as their lingua franca. 

Consequently, Viadrina University in Frankfurt (Oder), although it started as a German-Polish venture, does not bring students from both nations together when they take courses in their respective mother tongues.

There is a trend of Polish people coming to Germany because unemployment, particularly among the young, is much higher on the eastern banks of the Oder River. Let us hope that this and any future moves will help reduce the mutual prejudice.

**