30 Years Already

On Friday evening, the Freiburg-Madison-Gesellschaft celebrated the 30th anniversary of the partnership between the cities of Madison and Freiburg.

On 31 May 1988, Madison’s Mayor Joseph Sensenbrenner and Freiburg’s Mayor Dr. Böhme signed the partnership certificate. Both city councils ratified the agreement unanimously.

Here is the link to a photo gallery of FMG’s Jubilee party.

Note that the Freiburg-Madison-Gesellschaft proper was founded one year later, giving us a chance to celebrate the 30 years of FMG next year, followed by a seamless handover into Freiburg’s 900th anniversary in 2020.

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All Justice Is Gone in Hindenburg's Name

"Alles Recht ist dahin in Hindenburg's Namen" was an entry in the diary of Engelbert Krebs, a priest, philanthropist, and professor of theology at Freiburg's University, on July 21, 1933. Needless to say, under the Nazi regime, Krebs lost his venia legendi in 1936 and was forced into retirement in 1937.

The above citation was on the most exciting slide that physicist Professor Werner Heiland showed during his talk at the Stube (parlor) of the Breisgau Geschichtsverein (historical society) Schau-ins-Land last Monday. However, the catch title of Heiland's presentation was "Engelbert Krebs and the atomic bomb."

In fact, the physicist Karl Wirz, Krebs's nephew, had sent a letter to his uncle, morally condemning the bomb after the war. For me, it is still a mystery that the US should not have known that the German efforts to build a bomb were nil. In fact, a conspiracy theory claims that this information was well-known but deliberately withheld from the scientists working on the Manhattan Project. The aim was to keep them on board because many project members had moral scruples in building the US atomic bomb.

Instead of the bomb, Professor Heiland, who wrote a biography of Engelbert Krebs, talked at length about the family and non-family relations Krebs maintained before and during the Third Reich.

Krebs, associated with the Zentrum, the Catholic party in the Weimar Republic, was bitterly opposed to Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen's treachery, which he called a putsch with Hindenburg's consent, the president of the Reich. Although Krebs named the Nazis somehow belittlingly Hitlerianer, they had already seized full power by June 1933. So it is strange when on July 21, Krebs was still referring to World War I hero Hindenburg, an old man of 86, when he writes, "The saber rules, the lie of betrayal - in the name of Hindenburg! The worst thing that has come over Germany since 1918! Oh, God! "

The worst? The worst was still to come.

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A Semi-Barbaric Language

Two weeks ago, an article in Freiburg's Sunday paper titled Allgemeines Deutsches Glossarium (General German Glossary) described a sensational find in the basement of Basel's university library. In 1750 the linguist and theologian Johann Jacob Spreng started his dictionary, or rather an encyclopedia that, at his death in 1768, comprised twenty hand-written volumes with 96,000 entries, translations, references, and explanations.

©University of Basel

Spreng's opus magnum was never published. One hundred years later, the Grimm Brothers started their German Dictionary but only arrived at the letter F, while Spreng covered the entire alphabet. In addition, he left behind a big box with 35,000 additional well-ordered hand-written articles to be glued into his volumes.

Spreng was one of those many linguists who tried to transform the bits and pieces of the many German dialects into a common German language. While Martin Luther had laid the basis, the great Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz started it in 1697 systematically and scientifically by publishing "Unvorgreifliche Gedanken, betreffend die Ausübung und Verbesserung der deutschen Sprache "(Non-enjoining thoughts regarding the practice and improvement of the German language).

Trying to bring the German language into shape, Spreng was a member of several Sprachvereine (language societies). Basel University celebrated its 300th anniversary in 1760 in Latin, and in 1780 Prussian Frederick the Great lamented in French about German as a "semi-barbaric" language. In his dictionary, Spreng pointed out that everything could be said just as well in German. Consequently, terminology and the translation of the anatomical knowledge of his time form a large proportion of the glossarium. 50 years later, Napoleon's invasion meant a real political push for the German language.

Spreng tried to convey general knowledge instead of vocabulary. So the entry for Bargilden* describes the legal situation of free, taxable peasants in the Middle Ages. They were under the protection of a feudal lord and therefore paid him fees.
*Literally" free of guilds," a word no longer relevant and used. I had to look it up.

You learn that Lohnheulerinnen (paid mourners) were abolished in the 14th century because they whined too loudly during church services. 

At nine in the morning, maids and servants were fed eine halbe Zeile Brot (half a line of bread) and offered one measure (Maß) of beer. In case of heavy work, this amount was increased to four Maß.

For the first time, I read the word hodenbrüchig and learned its meaning. Hodenbrüchig bis an Hals, sprüchwörtlich gesagt von Einem, der sich überweibert hat, und seiner Frauen Knecht ist (Ball busted up to the neck, said proverbially of a man who has taken on too many women and is in servitude to them). The reference given is Sebastian Franck, an early reformer and translator of Latin texts into German, who may have met Luther at Heidelberg in 1518.

You may read on Wikipedia that Spreng had a hard time at the University of Basel. He did not become a full professor until 1762, six years before his death.

The University of Basel has opened the treasure chest and will transcribe and publish Spreng's General German Glossary in the coming years. So far, they have finished the letter H with 294 (!) pages. Here is page 215 with the entry hodenbrüchig:

©University of Basel

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In War, There Is Neither Fortune nor a Star

... was the title of a one-day colloquium at the Hotel Stadt Breisach on the city's Münsterberg. Already occupied by the Romans as a strategic landmark, the rock was disputed by many rulers later, particularly during wars between Germany and France.

The coat of arms of Breisach's rulers throughout the centuries
 is painted on the wall of the town hall (©Flominator/Wikipedia)

During the Holy German Empire, Fort Breisach was described as the key to entering German territory. The fortified city and its inhabitants, in particular, suffered during the Thirty Years' War.

Fortification of Breisach on the Rhine under French rule (©Bertram Jenisch)

In the wake of the 500th anniversary of the outbreak of the traumatic war, Breisach was the "suitable" place for a colloquium on forts, entrenchments, and battlefields during this sinister era of German history. Although Red Baron covered the period extensively, he still learned many details.

Initially, the war spared the southwest of the Holy Roman Empire, as the Dukedom of Württemberg served as a protective shield for the Habsburg territories farther west on both banks of the Rhine River. Duke John Frederick was a member of the Protestant Union standing against the Catholic League. Still, after the defeat of the Union at the Battle of Wimpfen on May 6, 1622, where he lost his youngest brother, the Duke concluded a non-aggression treaty with the Habsburg emperor.

In the countryside, the impact of the Battle of Wimpfen is still visible (©Rudolf Landauer)

This favorable political situation ended abruptly on March 6, 1629, when Emperor Ferdinand II decreed the Edict of Restitution, demanding the return of territories that had come under Protestant rule after the Treaty of Passau in 1552. This involved more than one-third of Württemberg's territory that had once belonged to monasteries and bishops. When Catholic troops invaded Germany's southwest to enforce the edict, Duke Eberhard III fled to Protestant Strasbourg, and only Fort Hohentwiel in Württemberg resisted the Catholic assault.

The Spanish Road (©Miguelazo/Wikipedia)

In 1635, Catholic France entered the war supporting the Protestants against the Habsburgs. One of their first war goals was to cut the Camino de los Tercios españoles, the road on which Spanish foot soldiers marched from northern Italy to Flanders in 60 days, fueling the war between the Protestant Netherlands and the Spanish Habsburgs. By cutting off these Spanish supplies, France gained access to the Empire, particularly after the fall of Breisach, the key to the Reich.

Red Baron also learned that one of the reasons Emperor Ferdinand III ceded the German-speaking Alsace to France in the Peace Treaty of Westphalia was that he did not want the French to have a seat and a vote at the Imperial Diet. On the other hand, occupying the German territories of Verden and Pomerania, the Swedes had that right.

The Battle of Wittstock (©Sabine Eickhoff)

The audience learned that modern forensic techniques were applied when a common grave was discovered containing 131 skeletons of soldiers killed in the Battle of Wittstock, 100 kilometers north of Berlin, some years ago. On October 10, 1636, a combined Swedish-Scottish army decisively defeated the Catholic imperial troops. The latter were seconded by forces of Protestant Saxon Elector John George I, the initiator of a German peace, i.e., the 1635 Peace of Prague, to dislodge foreign troops from German territory.

Man is man's death (©Stefan Mäder)

Smashed skulls and damaged bones, partly destroyed by bullets, were the causes of death. Examination of the teeth determined the age of the men who measured between 160 and 182 centimeters, with a median age of 24 years. DNA analyses of bone material confirmed the predominant Scottish and Swedish origin of the men killed in action. In fact, a battle was a rare activity for soldiers in the Thirty Years' War compared with marching and digging trenches. Subsequently, most skeletons exhibit severe osteoarthrosis. Effects of earlier wounds with bone damage and chronic illnesses (syphilis) were also diagnosed; i.e., the general health of those buried was terrible. Artifacts, except for bullets, were rarely found, so it is assumed that the men, stripped of any clothing and equipment items, were buried naked. Rest in peace!

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An Iconic Photo

By now, POTUS is in Singapore, but the echoes of the Canadian G6+1 Summit are still resounding.

Here is the iconic picture. POTUS is like a stubborn child sitting at a table complaining to Summit participants standing around him that America is "like the piggy bank that everybody is robbing." His newest compelling argument defending protective tariffs on "national security grounds" had been put into POTUS's head by Security Advisor John Bolton, the guy with the open mouth and mustache.

In the photo, you will recognize Shinzo Abe, Japan's prime minister, flanked by Yasutoshi Nishimura, Japanese deputy chief cabinet secretary, an expert in trade, and Kazuyuki Yamazaki, Japanese senior deputy minister for foreign affairs. The Europeans stand united from right to left: Angela Merkel, federal chancellor, Emmanuel Macron, the French president, and Theresa May, UK prime minister.

Here the scene is seen from another, the French angle covering Merkel but placing Macron in full view.

All photos are ©AP except this one ©French Presidency

Was it Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau entering the scene who had told a joke? On the left is Larry Kudlow, director of the US National Economic Council, who had put into POTUS's head that eliminating all tariffs between G7 nations was the "best way to promote economic growth."

Here are more photos:

POTUS kept the ladies waiting at the breakfast table

Still in perfect harmony?

Ici on parle le Français

POTUS doesn't seem amused by Merkel's proposals

Leaving in anger for Singapore

In an interview back home, Angela told her people she had made Trump a proposal to avoid the next escalation stage in the dispute over penalty tariffs on German cars. The US should examine whether these imports really are a strategic weakening of the country. In return, Europe could check whether the US tariffs would also bring about a strategic weakening. Before unilateral action is taken, the strategic impact of such measures should be discussed.

I think the US president won't give a hoot about Merkel's proposal when he decides on car tariffs. About Angela's remark that the US had acted illegally concerning the rules of the World Trade Organization, POTUS won't give a damn, either.

Merkel finished her interview, "It's not a pretty thing. I was talking about disillusionment; it means a lot to me."

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Wolfgang Hug †

Today I attended the funeral mass for Wolfgang Hug, professor emeritus of history and its didactics at the Pedagogical University in Freiburg.

Professor Wolfgang Hug (right) in conversation with the late
 Chairman of Freiburg’s Museumsgesellschaft Dr. Ulrich Dold in 2010

I was extremely sad when I read about Wolfgang Hug's passing away. Like Red Baron, he was a member of the Freiburger Museumsgesellschaft and the Freiburg Historic Society Schau-ins-Land, so I often saw him. 

We always had lively discussions about God and everything under the sun, but unlike me, he was an inexhaustible source of knowledge concerning history. Although I studied physics, Wolfgang leniently supported my late-in-life efforts in Freiburg's history.

Whenever he talked about Baden's history or religious topics, I hung on every word, reading his lips. Nobody could speak as eloquently and with a subtle ironic undertone about Erasmus of Rotterdam* as Professor Hug. His last publications concerned the Reformation, a topic he, as a committed Catholic, filled with his hopes for ecumenism.
*Erasmus spent a couple of years in Freiburg

It was impressive to see Wolfgang living in peace with his Catholic Church. He did not excuse the crimes committed by and in the name of the Church but tried to explain to posterity the conditions under which people made their decisions in the past, even if they had the chance to make a different one.

Historians and amateur historians miss you, Wolfgang. Rest in peace.

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Alice

This blog is not about Alice in Wonderland but about Alice in Badenland, i.e., Alice Schwarzer, Germany's feminist par excellence. The lady turned 75 and got the Gutedelpreis 2018 of the Markgräfler Land, the Wineland just south of Freiburg. Happily, she accepted the 225-liter barrel of locally grown Gutedel (Chasselas) wine.

Alice, a glass in her hand (©BZ)

Winemaker Hermann Dörflinger said, "This vintage is challenging and difficult, highly complex and demanding in its uniqueness. It is no coincidence that Alice Schwarzer is on stage today." He added that the wine her predecessor, Baden-Württemberg's Green Governor Winfried Kretschmann, received last year was much more straightforward. The honoree took it with a laugh. Alice revealed that she will already drink the wine at a big party in June and little by little with colleagues from her magazine Emma.

Yes, on the one hand, Alice is a complex personality; on the other hand, she fits into old male clichés: "She is bitter about not having a man and is a witch with cold, piercing eyes. So in a sort of ur-angst, men meeting her fear for their manhood, calling her Schwanz-ab-Schwarzer (dick-off-Schwarzer)."

Alice maintains a universalist idea, "Women are oppressed worldwide, and the struggle for equality and emancipation must, therefore, not allow itself any wobbling. In this sense, the Muslim headscarf is undoubtedly a domesticating symbol historically decreed by men that we must fight against politically."

There were rumors that Alice would soon head a newly created Federal Ministry of Virtue. As such, feminist Schwarzer wants to "give the #MeToo movement a German look "by introducing a new bill finally banning pornography and prostitution. She also wants to create a "Quick Reaction Force "that monitors interactions between the sexes in all public spaces. Officers will intervene immediately if suspicion of a sexual assault should arise. "Better a hundred times too often than once too rarely, "reads a memorandum from the circle of Alice Schwarzer's magazine Emma.

In the past, there were harsher words; in 1998, for example, those of rapper Alina as published in Emma, "Kill all child abusers / in all our lands dominated by males / make them all dead as a doornail / take out the gun, pull the trigger, and dead."

Probably Alice Schwarzer would no longer publish texts like this. The dignity of her new office will not allow her to speak in plain language. Especially when even a greater consecration is in store in a few years. The job of the Federal Minister of Virtue could prove to be the ideal stepping stone to Schloss Bellevue, the residence of Germany's Federal President.

Fake news?

P.S.: No fake news is that Alice has married:

My long-time companion, the photographer Bettina Flitner, and I got married on June 2, 2018 (©dpa)

The photo shows the couple. Alice is grinning broadly at the side of her long-time laughing companion, a beautiful snapshot in a relaxed atmosphere. Alice explained, "We have always had an open but not a public relationship. As you know, I attach great importance to protecting my private life. However, a civil partnership is something other than a civil marriage. And so six months after the introduction of 'The Marriage for All,' we decided to take this step." Their age difference is almost 20 years: Alice Schwarzer is 75, and Bettina Flitner is 56.

Bettina Flitner does not have to worry about being called "Alice Schwarzer's wife" in the future. She has long been a well-known photographer, has had many exhibitions, and has held several guest professorships.

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Marx 2018

On the occasion of Karl Marx's 200th birthday, the question of whether his theories remain valid today is passionately debated among economic experts. I read quite a lot, but my opinion is incompatible with any of those economists. It, instead, is a mixture of economic ignorance and life experience.

In an article in last Sunday's paper, three economics professors took a position on three of Marx's theses: the concentration of enterprises, social impoverishment, and coming crises.

There is always a tendency for a concentration of enterprises. Still, it is no longer the production of goods, although I just learned about the marriage between chemical giants Bayer and Monsanto. These days, it is the concentration of firms offering services. I am thinking, e.g., of Google, Facebook, and Microsoft. Over the years, these software, social media, and communication giants have swallowed smaller software developers to strengthen their position in a booming market.

Marx, who castigated the alienation of the worker vis-à-vis the hardware he has produced, would be shocked to see today's people's digital dependence on services they are presented with and cannot escape. The classic alienation is replaced by a fear of digital technology overstraining most users.

The people of Cologne are proud of their Basic Law. One article reads, "Hammer immer esu jemaat" (We have always done it the same way), but this is no longer true for "Nix bliev, wie et war" (Nothing remains as it was).

Despite efforts like the recent European General Data Protection Regulation to protect individuals' data, the man/woman in the street feels helpless and controlled. They develop angst about being overrun by self-driving cars or losing their non-digital jobs.

Populist parties stoke people's angst while governments somehow limit themselves to maintaining the status quo. The policy of just fixing defects follows another article of Cologne's Basic Law," Et het noch immer jot jejange" (Things have always worked out).

Today, the digital world dominates politics since politicians have neither the knowledge nor the insight to stand up to gurus like Mark Zuckerberg, as recent hearings in Congress and in the European Parliament have shown.

What follows is a hilarious sequence of photos taken during Mark Zuckerberg's "grilling" at the European Parliament, as commented by Oliver Welke, Germany's Seth Meyers, in the Heute Show (Today Show).

Mark Zuckerberg sitting next to Antonio Tajani, President of the European Parliament, ... (©ZDF)

... listening to Gabriele Zimmer's question (©ZDF)

Gabriele cited three lines from Goethe's The Sorcerer's Apprentice* in German, "Master, I need Thee! From the spirits that I called, I can't get rid of ..." and ended Marc's education in German literature with the question, "Isn't it time to pull the plug?"
*Der Zauberlehrling. Herr, die Not ist groß! Die ich rief, die Geister, Werd' ich nun nicht los.

©ZDF

Marc's imagined reaction is plausible if the knowledgeable translator used the official translation, "Master, I need Thee! From the spirits that I called, Sir, deliver me! ...

You are welcome to read my conspiracy theory about Germany's digital situation here.


It seems that Western societies do not have a classic Marxian proletariat. Nevertheless, poverty is a reality. Although the promise is kept that no one has to starve or freeze, the gap between the poor and the rich is widening so that economists now talk about relative impoverishment. This is reflected in developing countries like India and Bangladesh, as well as in Western countries.

China is an exception, balancing Marxism and capitalism. In addition, out of pure necessity, the country actively participates in the fight against climate change by investing significantly in solar and wind energy. Due to the continued heavy use of coal and increased car traffic, the air in China's cities has become unbreathable.

In Western countries, relative poverty is politically explosive. Single mothers trying to combine child-rearing with holding a job often end up unemployed and on social welfare. With housing prices rising in most regions, young couples have to pay high rents with no hope of financing a condominium or a house of their own.

Will people who are being deceived by the capitalist system vote for the left or the right? Presently, populist parties have the wind in their sails, while left-wing parties still suffer from the past when they ran their socialist regimes into a brick wall.


Capitalism can manage economic crises, albeit with government support, as the 2008 financial crisis has shown. According to economic experts, a great depression like the one in 1929, with massive unemployment and numerous bankruptcies, has become extremely unlikely.

Crises will surely come, but they will be of a different kind. A mix of overpopulation, competition for resources,* and climate change will lead to a massive migration of people. Just think of the inhabitants of Bangladesh, a country that will lose a large part of its land mass due to the rising tides of the Indian Ocean.
*in particular, clean water

Given all the specters of post-Marxism, shall we give up and state the Cologne way, "Et kütt, wie et kütt." (It cometh as it cometh)?

Hey, here is a better one, "Drinkste ene met?" (Why don't you have a drink with me?)

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